Fire and Smoke dampers Explained

Fire and smoke dampers are critical components of a building’s fire protection system, designed to prevent the spread of fire and smoke through the HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) ductwork. Their role is to maintain compartmentation by automatically closing when triggered by heat or smoke, effectively sealing off duct openings and protecting escape routes and occupied spaces.

Fire Dampers are installed in air ducts and close automatically when a rise in temperature (typically around 72°C) causes the fusible link to melt. The closing blades block fire from spreading into adjacent compartments. These dampers are passive fire protection devices and require no electrical input to function in an emergency.

Smoke Dampers are typically motorized and linked to a smoke detection system or building management system. When smoke is detected in the ductwork, the damper closes to prevent smoke from traveling between compartments. Smoke dampers are essential in environments where toxic fumes pose a greater threat than flames, such as hospitals, offices, and high-occupancy buildings.

Combination Fire and Smoke Dampers are designed to respond to both fire and smoke, offering dual protection. These dampers are commonly installed in modern HVAC systems, particularly in complex buildings such as healthcare facilities, hotels, and high-rise commercial buildings.

Types of Dampers Include: -

Curtain-Type Fire Dampers: Gravity-operated blades released by fusible links.

Motorized Smoke Dampers: Operated via electric actuators and controlled by smoke detectors.

Multi-blade Combination Dampers: Motorized units that combine fire and smoke sealing functions.

Intumescent Dampers: Expand upon exposure to heat, forming a seal without mechanical parts.

Key Functions and Benefits:

Preserve Fire Compartmentation: Limit the spread of fire and smoke to predefined zones.

Enhance Life Safety: Help maintain breathable air quality and visibility in evacuation routes.

Ensure Legal Compliance: Required under BS 9999:2017 and the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005.

Reduce Insurance Risk: Non-compliance can invalidate insurance and lead to prosecution.

Protect Assets and Infrastructure: Localize fire damage and reduce building recovery costs.

Proper installation, regular inspection, and maintenance of fire and smoke dampers are crucial. They not only uphold legal responsibilities but play a life-saving role in emergencies by containing hazards and enabling safe evacuation.